���#��*�y:=��p�*��C��B�_%��Ncזg�?�c_�6Ҟ7@�l;�z�r�W�ʲ|�hZ�u`�yL���^�x�0IzBZ�# $P��!���n��rK��� M��+�*�n/R�d��Z!��KO��GX�H;�ʱ�u��"7>-�h�Q��B�c+{�.�jwzB-�i��%Z%s��(��F��������a:����Z�L�;j ����5�y��0�b The melody string(s) (French To achieve proper intonation and sound quality, each string of a hurdy-gurdy must be wrapped with cotton or similar fibers. The hurdy-gurdyis a string instrument with a wheel (or circular bow) which setsseveral melody and drone strings vibrating …
Depending on the technical equipment of the instrument, the Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments.
They used a large music box operated by a crank. 1: A Legacy From the East?," Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." The first was guitar-shaped and the second had a rounded By the end of the 17th century changing musical tastes demanded greater polyphonic capabilities than the hurdy-gurdy could offer and pushed the instrument to the lowest social classes; as a result it acquired names like the German During this time the hurdy-gurdy also spread further to Central Europe, where further variations developed in western Slavic countries, German-speaking areas and Hungary (see the list of types below for more information on them). Hurdy Gurdy History. In her overview of the instrument's history, Palmer recorded twenty-three different forms,There are two primary body styles for contemporary instruments: guitar-bodied and lute-backed. The hurdy-gurdy was first mentioned in the 10th century as the organistrum. The instrument still occurred as a street instrument in many places throughout Europe till about the twentieth century. Large-wheeled instruments (wheel diameters between 14 and 17 cm, or about 5.5 – 6.6 inches) are traditionally found in Western Europe. 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream They feature a broad keybox and the drone strings run within the keybox. The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911) describing the lira (lūrā) as a typical instrument within the Byzantine Empire.
ҍÍ��������c�: �>G�i�t ���R�#�?ԉ���x�����٣�-dI\�sf|kő#h�a //����.k"#W�8��z��p� ��ě�r���Χ1�[+����x��������t�pY)ݿݻI�z]�F�l�ٚ�?����˒7)�4�|��3\ۮ�虎L&9d�0���O��j%3�?�i��x��aʎMbc���I�~��Z'��.k�)��=���=f�P�z�H�\ky�r��θD/��"��Lm$LeR�����������)[�L�! %PDF-1.2 %���� Such common terms include the following: AShort History of the Hurdy-Gurdy. The cotton on melody strings tends to be quite light, while drone strings have heavier cotton.
��n{t��ъ&�� V*إү:��N�� �J��zZ�4.^4 Many folk music festivals in Europe feature music groups with hurdy-gurdy players. The term hurdy gurdy was not coined in England until the eighteenth century. It was then a church instrument played by two men, one fingering the keys, one turning the wheel. Electronic hurdy-gurdies, on the other hand, manage completely without strings. These instruments generally have a narrow keybox with drone strings that run outside the keybox.
The hurdy gurdy, known in France as the vielle a roue or vielle for short, is an ancient instrument which is undergoing a modern renaissance in Europe and America. Slovene Folklore, Author(s): F. S. Copeland, Source: Folklore, Vol. One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the organistrum, a large instrument with a guitar-shaped body and a long neck in which the keys were set (c… The signals for drone strings and the snares are generated by the crank movements of the wheel. This technique is often known by its French term, the Regional types of hurdy-gurdies since the Renaissance can also be classified based on wheel size and the presence or absence (and type) of a buzzing bridge. Both forms are found in French-speaking areas, while guitar-bodied instruments are the general form elsewhere.
The Lira Organizzata was a hurdy gurdy with a bellows and organ �5��%#S���(��yB�}w���P���Q�q�m���v;h�tb�-%�v;��'��ղ܋�%(�y��G����Y�Y�.WD��@��h�b+^��1t�v&|�Q����m��gY �yH�f �ڹ6��/˳�}I�$w5u�!��85&i��yQ 7�� E8"� ��}f��g1�"�w�e=͜uv�kp]ڲ�q,ڹu��Q���z� �T���/--�Ӻ�����0)�����G�W^�����@,�����aÝ�������td�J��\��y+7�l�]���~���������?����A�AuӰD_���ݠf0�����%����������� NXvG�2J��� �|��_��S�*�뎻~�)W��j�K�6��9��O*�y��� `�b^G ��\7vOM�ѕ�����C���&3�\��V[&[��y[�{6���(;�L�Q0����Ȳ/6��^���4;����L����+�h�%s�]/gO�+YTt�ؖB�l��QxӢ�-�}o@(��V�oK��-�dOR����`����g�v'��=(Vʾ5�t�k�Y#�B�H7H��bu�LvD��$��� ��N�'�X$`2|s�� ��^K��r^!�F��ⴤ�?��ǵ����`��˂m��`5�E� The instrument came into a new public consciousness when Today, the tradition has resurfaced. The box form of the The drone strings produce steady sounds at fixed pitches. Because of the small size of the wheel these instruments most commonly have three strings: one melody string, one tenor drone and one bass drone. During the eighteenth century a variation of the vielle was developed. ;l"��5�j&��L�W,��Q{i�ח�f�fE������owo��cW&�v���h��\��reJ/;i��NrG\7jN�M@�m�Z�vdK�F���,�5�[?E�ܽ�� The following description of various types uses this framework:Small-wheeled (wheel diameter less than 14 cm, or about 5.5 inches) instruments are traditionally found in Central and Eastern Europe. The hurdy-gurdyis a fascinating instrument which dates back to medieval times,but which is today enjoying a popular revival in many countries,particularly France, both as a folk instrument and for theperformance of medieval and 18th- century music. H��W�n�H��C�/�]�2o"�yY8��a&@��`[dK�1��6I)���S}!%�`CiIT��ԩS77a�.W,Kr����`��������)`Q�ov7w�2HrF�,������>j)v�Y���'�m�6�`ϣ.O����m�����a^��3��]�N�ъ�šu��>� }���b����Iյ(Q�V �g[X� ��: ��x�]���lu�KLٸ��e�rO����q�:�������(�=�,���kѫQ�_VCS����4giS�lw�qs�Dޥyj��|3��]w�hM��E���g��Lޮ�d�7����i�9#�����a__�{�����e_����p�v�� The signals for the melody strings are purely generated electronically by the keys and also in combination with the rotation of the wheel. Hurdy Gurdies have had many body shapes over the years (see illustration). Secular, one-man forms, called symphonia, appeared in the 13th century.
They also generally have more strings and doubling or tripling of the melody string is common. The most famousThe hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from The pitches on the organistrum were set according to During the late Renaissance, two characteristic shapes of hurdy-gurdies developed.